Human Papillomavirus Ovula

Narradores de la noche - Rafik Shami

Rafik Shami y sus cuentos de Damasco

Salim Podia considerarse verdaderamente un Afortunado. Su maravilloso gift of speech, its imaginative power and its fabulous facility for storytelling for many years assured the loyalty of its customers. By profession driver, Salim used to have fascinating stories to their parishioners, so that competition does not constitute a risk to your business, provided that Salim could keep alive his loquacity. The driver telling him it was time to retire. This continued to keep in mind the countless stories he learned and recited during his years as coachman, stories stored in their memory as if it were bare frames, which are then covered with countless ornaments and beads. One day Salim received a strange visit. How should have imagined the old driver to his fairy-if such creatures exist, would be presented with such a strange message? The Fairy claimed to have ensured that each and every one of the stories he had come to fruition. Now it was her turn to retire and could not continue taking charge of this arduous task. Salim lost speech for three months and if at the end of that time had received seven gifts, be assigned a new fairy and recover the voice to continue telling stories. Salim had seven friends Mehdi, professor of geography; Junis, the owner of a cafe that left everyone happy and had the best hakavatis of Damascus, former mistro Faris; Musa, a barber who could not use scissors without striking cuts in the ears of their clients who were exposed to such punishment so he could hear him recite beautiful stories, they would feel proud even the best hakavatis, Tuma, the " immigrant, "a Damascus who had to flee to America during the First World War and returned thirty years later on the pretext of failing to adjust to life in the U.S., former inmate Isam, who spent twenty-four years in jail a crime he did not commit, and Ali, who got a locksmith he was a man of few words.

Book cover

Seven friends try to help Salim to find the seven gifts of the driver receives different sets of objects of various kinds, but do not seem to return voice. One suggests that it could be seven dinners at friends' houses, seven wines, other than seven trips pass through seven valleys and seven hills ... Finally, one friend gives the solution: seven different stories that can unleash the language of the driver and sweeten your ears. The seven friends tell a story each on different nights. All except Ali, who never learned to tell stories. His wife will take over and break new ground and unleashing the wrath of one of the coterie of her husband, will become part of the group of intellectuals for a night. Narrated stories are fictional or autobiographical narratives halfway between fiction and reality. In any case, Salim recovers his voice after the last story told, of Fatmeh, the wife of Ali. Fatmeh tells the beautiful story of his mother, who never told even her husband. Salim recovers his voice, leaving her friends even for unbelievers a question unresolved: whether or not the driver, he lost his voice or if it was not just a kids game.

Portrait Rafik Schami (above)

Shami, Rafik. Tellers Night . Trad. Anton Dieterich. Madrid: Siruela, 1992. (Original title: Erzähler der Nacht).

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Tahar Ben Jelloun - Le racisme explique à ma fille

Ben Jelloun, Tahar. explained Le racisme à ma fille. Lonrai: Seuil, 1998.

Tahar Ben Jelloun est est né en Algérie mais demenage France, where he lives with his daughter and his wife, also of Morroccan origin. He wrote several other books, among which the most famous are The child sand and The Sacred Night, which are part of the same book.

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Tahar Ben Jelloun has decided to write a book to explain to her daughter that is to be racist. It's about a protest against a draft law on immigration in France (which his daughter accompanied him) that he reacted by asking questions about it. His father explains that basically all people are equal, whatever their origin, ethnicity (there is only one race, the human race), religion and beliefs. He dismisses the myths and prejudices they may have towards others, towards those who are not like us. Tahar Ben Jelloun tells his daughter that, although equal, we are all different and it is a handicap as il bien dit, mais c’est quelque chose de profitable et d’enrichissant pour tous.

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Review of "Corpora in Applied Linguistics by Susan Hunston

Front Cover

In her Corpora in Applied Linguistics , Susan Hunston makes a compilation of the main types of corpus studies in Applied Linguistics, which she illustrates by setting forth a series of studies undertaken in various disciplines of Linguistics.

This academic work is most suitable for either students or novice researches aiming to work in the field of Corpus Linguistics or (corpus-based) Applied Linguistics. Her work explains in great detail what are the most basic types of analysis and applications of corpora in different areas, ranging from language teaching and learning, phraseology and dictionary writing, and Translation to Historical and Critical Linguistics. Furthermore, she provides the reader with an introduction to key concepts in the area of Corpus Linguistics, going on to give an account of the chief applications at the user's disposal through corpus software (e.g. Wordsmith Tools).

As suggested, her work goes beyond a mere theoretical depiction of the types of corpus research, corpus methodology and strategies, given that every single point that she makes is illustrated with examples of studies carried out by scholars in several disciplines. Therefore, the bibliography that she provides constitutes a valuable tool for researches interested in digging further into the existing literature in this particular academic field.

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the basic concepts of Corpus Linguistics, namely, frequency, phraseology, collocation, type / token, or lemma, among others, outlining the main types and uses of corpora.

In Chapter 2 issues of corpus design are looked into. The corpus is analysed as an object, so that attention is drawn to parametres such as size and content, together with notions such as representativeness and permanence or "contemporaneousness". The concept of corpus is further analysed from various different standpoints.

The main trends in methodology in Corpus Linguistics are the object of study in Chapter 3. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of concordance lines and the very fine meaning distinctions and patterns that these enable researchers to trace.

Chapter 4 focuses on other resources and methodology offered by corpus software. Attention is now drawn to collocation and keywords, as well as to different types of annotation.



Human Language Families - Comparable Corpora allow
 us to compare different varieties of the same language

Other considerations intimately connected with the applications of corpora in Applied Linguistics are dealt with in Chapter 5: the production of dictionaries and grammars relying on and considerably facilitated by corpus analysis; the use of corpora in translation, literary studies and other disciplines, such as Critical Linguistics, where light can be thrown on the ideologies underlying discourse.

Chapters 6 and 7 concentrate on corpora as applied to Language Teaching. The former chapter chiefly focuses on language description, while the latter consists in a depiction of the general applications of corpora to Language Teaching. Among these, Hunston dwells on DDL (Data-Driven Learning), by means of which students are endowed with authentic material and encouraged to make observations and deductions about the language that they are presented with. This methodology might be said to aim at raising awareness of language on the part of the student. A number of examples are examined in full detail, as a clear illustration of this type of analysis.

Chapter 8 further delves into the issue of corpora as applied to Language Teaching. In this section, attention is turned away from the general to the specific applications of corpora in Language Teaching and EAP (English for Academic Purposes). The focus is no longer on how to teach but on what to teach, on the basis of corpora tailored for specific purposes. Careful consideration is given to learner corpora, contrasted with other corpora consisting of texts written by native speakers. Drawing a comparison between these two types of texts supplies the corpus researcher with a clear notion of what linguistic elements would be suitable for inclusion in learner corpora and material. Moreover, this way researchers may gain an insight into the main areas of difference between the kind of language used by native and non-native speakers of English. This raises the question as to whether it is the English spoken by native speakers or otherwise that of expert non-native speakers of English that should be aimed at.

Finally, Chapter 9 is a brief outline of the main applications and contributions of corpora in the field of Applied Linguistics. Last but not least, a list of relevant websites is provided at the end of this chapter and previous to the bibliography section, which might come in handy for researchers specially interested in the use of corpora in Applied Linguistics.

Hunston, Susan. Corpora in Applied Linguistics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.